Film Review Essay (Pulp Fiction) - 1061 Words

Denis Salinas 04/23/2013 â€Å"Pulp Fiction† Film Review When giving a film and evaluation it is obvious that acting, setting and plot would fit in every gender, however to evaluate a crime movie the expectations and feedback changes. Crime movies are known for having a flexible plot that allows mystery and tension build up, characters and acting that will maintain their role alive and transfer emotions and dialog that stays clear and understandable. Writing that is able to keep the audience concentrated through long dialogs and it also has its unexpected twists. There are other basic requirements for example: camerawork, costume design and sound editing. Only a few movies have had the privilege to this day be considered works of art in the†¦show more content†¦Writing that is able to keep the audience concentrated through long dialogs and it also has its unexpected twists it’s a key part. Crime movies often move slowly, they build up suspense and situations and they give you a bone here and there so you don’t get bo red and stay until the climax of the story. â€Å"Pulp Fiction† is unique, it’s wonderfully written so each line fits on the designated actor. The story continues on and on with always interesting dialogs. The story takes its wild turns, one more unexpected than the last one. Moments that will take you by surprise are bound to happen. The writing is really fluent in the sense that in each individual scene there’s so much to like, and the best part of it, is the fact that none of the direction or the writing ever seems forced, but quite natural. The movie won’t feel rushed out, it takes times for discussions to go through, the dialog aren’t always attached to what the whole idea of the movie. For example; Vincent and Jules having a discussion about what a TV pilot just seems like a regular conversation between two guys but it doesn’t lose interest as it progress, it’s just interesting. Just like the writing Quentin Tarantino also direc ted the movie and like the writing, he gives everything its time. The way the movie is shot is quite interesting. In most movies a shot lasts a fewShow MoreRelatedNotes for Educating Rita2612 Words   |  11 Pagesrange of texts that illustrate different pathways into new experiences. | |They examine the features of texts that shape our knowledge, attitudes and beliefs about individuals venturing into new experiences. | 1. Read Scene 1 2. Review Questions from Last Class Scene 2 | | | | |She said I was off me cake | Read MoreSeminar: Literary Theory Applied to H.P. Lovecraft-Notably â€Å"the Beast in the Cave†6821 Words   |  28 Pagesas influential to English as the works of contemporaries Mark Twain or Edgar Allen Poe. 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Racism In Sports And Its Impact On Managers And Coaches Free Essays

string(196) " to be provided with equal opportunities regardless of the race, sex, gender, national origin, age, creed or disability; yet racism continue to remain a common feature of the day \(Bauman 1997\)\." ABSTRACT This paper explores on racism in British sports. It will consider the extent to which racism in sports continues to prevail and the impact that racism may have on a sports coach or manager. This will include a brief review of the history of British sports, in particular, the presence of ethnic diversity in the British society and the involvement of this diversity in British sports. We will write a custom essay sample on Racism In Sports And Its Impact On Managers And Coaches or any similar topic only for you Order Now The paper will also examine the main currents of sociological thought which have informed research in this field. It will consider some of the common perceptions of sports in the discussion of racism in sports and argue against the notion of any one body of thought being viewed as universal. The paper will point out that Success in sports is a result of a complex interplay of factors including motivation and access to opportunities and that the physiological differences between races have very little bearing on the performance of the individual. INTRODUCTION Sport is often known to many people as a place where normal problems of the â€Å"real† world cease to exist. Many believe the sports world to be a model of race relations. Through display via the television and any other media coverage, it is seen by most fans that it doesn’t matter whether one is black or white, what matters in the playing field is one’s ability. Hence, sport is seen by many as a paradigm of how an integrated society should look (Bradley 2006). However, a closer look at sports reveals that this idyllic picture is misleading. Although majority of the players in professional sports are the African-Americans, this doesn’t imply absence of racism. For example, the African -Americans are underrepresented in administrative ranks and coaching (Jarvie Reid 1997). Also some popular arguments serve to contribute to prejudices, myths and stereotypes about different racial groups hence leading to their discrimination. In this analysis we explore on the extent to which racism in sports continues to prevail and the impact that racism may have on a sports coach or manager. We shall begin our analysis by defining what we mean by racism and conduct a review of the history of British sports, in particular, the presence of ethnic diversity in the British society and the involvement this diversity in British sports WHAT IS RACISM? Racism is defined as any form of discrimination which may be in the form of restriction, distinction, exclusion or preference of a group of individuals based on their race, colour, descent and ethnic origin. This has the effect of impairing or nullifying enjoyment, recognition or exercise on the same footing of fundamental rights in various fields of public life (CRE 2004). HISTORICAL BACKGROUND The British society has long been characterized by ethnic diversity. This diversity is attributed to historical reasons such as invasion, expansion and the role of Britain as a haven for those fleeing from persecution (British council 2003). In order to understand the relationship between ethnicity and sport, we must first review the history of Black and Asian immigrants into the UK. The black presence in the UK can be traced back to the Roman times. During the 3rd century, a small group of the Roman army, an African division, was deployed at Hadrian’s Wall and the Blacks entering Britain were limited to a small number by the Elizabethan parliament (British council 2003). Till the mid-20th century, Immigration into ports like London, Bristol, Cardiff and Liverpool was limited to a small number blacks, Asians, and Chinese people (British council 2003). Blacks’ involvement in British sports was first noticed after America gained its independence (1775-1783) (British council 2003). In boxing, for example, Randolph Turpin who emerged as the world middleweight champion in 1951, following his victory over the great Sugar Ray Robinson was known to be the black boxer of the era (British council 2003). In athletics, the British Caribbean gave a name to their sprinters towards the end of the 19th century up to the late 1950’s. Cricketers too were there including Learie Constantine for Trinidad, who played between the wars in Lancashire (British council 2003). IMPACT OF POST-WAR IMMIGRATION (1945-70) After World War II, Britain experienced several waves of immigration, with 492 jamaicans migrating to Tilbury Docks in 1948 followed by the Asians and West Indians (British council 2003). By 1958, the number of West Indians and Asians in Britain were about 125000 and 55000 respectively (British council 2003). These immigrants were largely welcomed by the National Health Service, and the transport, textile and service industries in efforts to rebuild Britain’s shattered economy. A final major phase of immigration occurred during the periods between 1968 and 1974 which saw over 70,000 Kenyan and Ugandan Asians immigrating to Britain (British council 2003). By 1974, the number of Black and Asian immigrants in Britain was more than one million (British council 2003). Today, it is claimed that the official government figures for minority ethnic groups in the UK stands at around 3.3 million Britons, a figure just below 6% of the British population (British council 2003). RACIAL TENSIONS With new immigrants in Britain, accommodating them then became a major problem with most of them settling in poor and inner-city areas. Prejudice and discrimination then became a feature of the immigrant experience. With immigrants concentrated in the poor and inner-city areas, racial tensions then became a feature of the British society with areas such as Notting Hill and Nottingham having the worst riot experiences of 1958 (British council 2003). Subsequent racial tensions were later seen during the 1979 and 1985 in parts of Liverpool, Bristol, and London as well as in many poor inner-city areas (British council 2003). Up to date, verbal abuse, harassment and oppression are still features of experiences of some minorities in Britain. More insidious, are the stereotypes, racial comments and racist beliefs that continue to become prevalent in British sports. RACISM IN SPORTS Both the law and common morality require all citizens in the public sphere to be provided with equal opportunities regardless of the race, sex, gender, national origin, age, creed or disability; yet racism continue to remain a common feature of the day (Bauman 1997). You read "Racism In Sports And Its Impact On Managers And Coaches" in category "Essay examples" Racism still remains prevalent in most fields of public life, sport is no exception. Common arguments have often suggested sports as producing prejudices, myths and stereotypes that lead to discrimination and under-representation of certain groups of individuals in sports. Racial stereotypes remain firmly rooted in sports with a popular notion that the Blacks are in general more masculine and athletic than the whites (McDonald Birrell 1999). Their over-representation in certain sports is indicative of this and the media representation emphasizing their inherent physicality reinforces this perception. This has resulted in the view that the black and white are biologically different and that the dominance of the Blacks in certain sports is a result of their perceived genetic advantages, yet there is no convincing scientific proof of this (McDonald Birrell 1999). These stereotypical notions do not recognize wide with-in group variations and falsely make fixed and unambiguous assumptions of biological divisions. SUBTLE RACISM IN SPORTS The tendency to providing an explanation of the success of Black in sports solely in terms of inherited factors, thereby devaluing their achievements, is indicative of subtle racism (Garland Rowe 2001). The success of the Blacks in sports is often attributed to their physicality and a lack of cognitive endeavor while, on the other hand, the success of whites in sports is equated with dedication, intelligence, qualities of character, dependability and work ethics (Bradbury 2003). These apparent assumptions serve to reinforce some form of subtle racism in sports. REVERSE RACISM There is a general consensus that racism against the Blacks remains prevalent and that the white players rarely experience any form of racism in sports. This is however not true as there is a growing body of evidence that contradicts this belief. In fact, there are certain identity codes within the football culture that carry with it racial meanings. An illustrative example is the song â€Å"I’d rather be a paki than a scouse† which is often sung to Liverpool fans by fans from Manchester United, Chelsea and Arsenal (Back et.al. 2001). The song is directed at Merseyside fans with the intention of demoting the status of those that come from Merseyside from being a normal English society to one that is frowned upon (Back et.al. 2001). CRITICAL RACE THEORY Attempts have however been made to confront racial distinctions in the society. One of the frameworks established to challenge racism in the society is the Critical Race Theory (CRT). This framework has some utility for anti-racism in sport. CRT is an important theoretical tool that provides antiracists with a framework that challenges narrow race thinking, orthodoxies and under-theorized approaches in sport, hence strengthening their praxis in what critical race theorists view as a racist world (Hylton 2008). In simple terms, the CRT provides antiracists with a framework from which they can examine the prevalence of racism in the society where in the whites are privileged to the disadvantage of the blacks. It recognizes and acknowledges the voice of the blacks who are often marginalized in practice and mainstream policy (Hylton 2008). Two areas of convergence between anti-racists and critical race theorists are the focus on social justice and transformation. The CRT challenges institutional arrangements in sport, both present and past, that subjugate, racially discriminate and oppress (Hylton 2008). ETHNIC AND RACIAL DIVERSITY IN SPORTS As we have identified in the previous sections, there is the popular notion of the blacks as more inherently superior in physical ability than the whites. This is evident in their over-representation in high profile sports. For example, distance running is dominated by Kenyans and an African American is 28 times more likely than a white individual to reach NBA and 15 times to reach the NFL (Turner Rasmussen 2003). The trend is also reflected within the contemporary British society where, despite accounting for less than 2% of the overall population, the Blacks dominate with at least 50% of the British athletic squad, boxing champions, and first division basketball players (Turner Rasmussen 2003). Also, one in five professional soccer players is more likely to be an African American (Turner Rasmussen 2003). Their overrepresentation is even more notable in athletics. Until the 1960s, most of the sprint champions came from the white group (Turner Rasmussen 2003). Today, however, sprinting is dominated by the Blacks who hold 95% of the top times globally (Turner Jones 2010). Majority of the gold winners at the Atlanta games of 1996 were the Blacks. Also, almost all of the runners who have broken the 10-second barrier for 100 metres have been the Blacks (Turner Rasmussen 2003). On the contrary, however, they have underachieved in swimming relative to the whites. Inevitably, people draw conclusions from what they see, resulting in popular mythology and stereotypical views about the blacks. Research into group or individual differences have in general concentrated around the issue of nature vs nurture (Sugden Bairner, 1999). That is, the extent to which difference between groups can be explained from the biological perspective or as a result of environmental conditions such as access and opportunity. Where emphasis is placed on the environmental factors, the assumption is that the difference can be modified. Where emphasis is on the biological factors, it is assumed that the differences are stable and unchangeable (Sugden Bairner, 1999). However, actual evidence for genetic superiority in sports is scant and often flawed. The running superiority in Blacks has been speculated as a result of less subcutaneous fat and larger muscle mass (Daryl David 2010). This has also been used to explain their lack of success in swimming due to buoyancy. However, had this theory of buoyancy been valid, then we would have more women superior to men, and endomorphs to ectomorphs (Daryl David 2010). Clearly, this is not the case. In the actual sense, success can be attributed to the adaptive qualities resulting from strenuous training and cultural values (Roche 1998). There is need for an approach that recognizes that a range of factors must come into play including motivation and access to opportunities. The physiological differences between races have very little bearing on the performance of the individual. IMPACT OF RACISM ON SPORTS COACHES Racism in sports certainly creates insurmountable problems as they exert powerful influences on a person’s perception, sports coaches are no exception. For example, sports positional roles may be allocated depending on racial stereotypes. Racial stereotypes, within the sport dynamics, are apparent through stacking, a phenomenon where athletes are assigned certain playing positions by the coach based on the supposed racial attributes such as power and speed rather than actual achieved performance (Turner Jones 2010). More often, the Blacks have been relegated to positions associated with physical rather than mental prowess, while the white athletes have been relegated leadership positions (Turner Jones 2010). Research has shown that the stacking of the Black players to positions that emphasize physical rather than mental prowess, especially in games such as rugby and soccer, has become a common occurrence in the UK (Turner Jones 2010). Public pronouncements of managers and coaches have tended to perpetuate crude racial stereotypes. For example, in 1993, Ron Noades-chairman of Crystal Palace at the time- made some racial remarks in an infamous television documentary about his football team which was predominantly black (Bose 1996). As quoted in Bose (1996: p.84), Ron stated that â€Å"when you are getting into midwinter in England, you need a few of the maybe hard white men to carry the artistic black players through†. While manager at Queens Park Rangers (QPR), Jim Smith was noted claiming that the black players used very little intelligence and that their success in sports was due to their sheer natural talent (Cashmore 2003). These stereotypes are further perpetuated by the media through their reporting that emphasizes on the physicality rather than qualities such as effort, courage, and intelligence. The most notable example can be seen when the tabloid press picked on Linford Christie’s photograph in a tight fitting shorts and ran a crude sexual reference to his anatomy, based on the stereotype that blacks were more masculine and physically fit than the whites (British council 2003). Racism in sports is also evident through the underrepresentation of blacks in management positions. Despite the large representation of blacks in British sports, it is apparent that management and leadership positions are rarely made available to them. Only a few of them hold management positions, for example John Barnes who was previously the Liverpool winger is now in charge of managing Celtic (British council 2003). Similarly, very few positions are made available to the Black and Asian referees, with an exception of Uriah Rennie, who is currently on the Football League list (British council 2003). CONCLUSION As identified above, racial stereotypes remain firmly rooted in sports with the popular notion that the Blacks are naturally athletic and more masculine than the whites. These stereotypical notions do not recognize wide with-in group variations and falsely make fixed and unambiguous assumptions of biological divisions. Moreover, these stereotypes are further perpetuated by the media through their reporting that emphasizes on physicality before qualities such as intelligence, courage and effort. In addition, public pronouncements of managers and coaches have tended to perpetuate crude racial stereotypes. More often, the Blacks have been relegated to positions associated with physical rather than mental prowess, while the white athletes have been relegated leadership positions. Also some popular arguments serve to contribute to prejudices, myths and stereotypes about different racial groups. Clearly, racism is still a feature of the British sports. REFERENCE Back, L., T. Crabbe and J. Solomos, 2001. The Changing Face of Football: Racism, Identity and Multiculture in the English Game. Oxford: Berg Bauman, Z., 1997. Postmodernity and its Discontents. Cambridge: Polity Bose, M., 1996. The sporting alien: English sport’s lost Camelot. Edinburgh: Mainstream. Bradbury, S, 2003. Racisms and Anti-Racism in English Football. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Leicester Bradley, J.M., 2006. Sport and the Contestation of Ethnic Identity: Football and Irishness in Scotland. â€Å"Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies†, Vol 32 (7), pp. 1189-1208. British Council, 2003. Ethnicity and sport. {Viewed on 23rd February 2012}. Available from http://www.pages.drexel.edu/~rosenl/sports%20Folder/Ethnicity%20and%20Sport.pdf Cashmore, E., 2003. Encyclopedia of race and ethnic studies. London: Routledge Commission for Racial Equality (CRE), 2004. Racial Equality in Football. CRE: London Daryl, A. and R. David, 2010. Beyond Boundaries‘Race’, ethnicity and identity in sport Garland, J. M. Rowe, 2001. Racism and Anti-Racism in Football. London: Palgrave Hylton, K., 2008. Race and sport: Critical Race Theory. Routledge: Taylor Francis Group Jarvie, G. and I. Reid, 1997. Race relations, sociology of sport and the new politics of race and racism. Stirling, Univesity of Stirling: E FN Spon Turner, D. and I. Jones, False startUK sprint coaches and black/white stereotypes. Hatfield: University of Hertfordshire. {Viewed on 23rd February 2012} Available from https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/2407/1/900739.pdf Turner, D. and R. Rasmussen, 2003. On your marks, get stereotyped, go! Novice coaches and black stereotypes in sprinting. {Viewed on 22nd February 2012}. Available from https://uhra.herts.ac.uk/dspace/bitstream/2299/487/1/101603.pdf MacClancy. J. (ed.), 1996. Sport, Identity and Ethnicity. Oxford, Berg, pp.203. McDonald, M. and S. Birrell, 1999. ‘Reading sport critically: a methodology for interrogating Power’. Sociology of Sport Journal, 16, pp.283–300. Roche, M. (ed.), 1998. Sport, Popular Culture and Identity. Aachen, Meyer Meyer Sport, pp.224 Sugden.J and A. Bairner (eds.), 1999. Sport in Divided Societies. Aachen, Meyer Meyer Sport, pp.234 How to cite Racism In Sports And Its Impact On Managers And Coaches, Essay examples

Art Review Jesus and His Friends Essay Example For Students

Art Review Jesus and His Friends Essay This artwork, by Everett Moseley, is named â€Å"Jesus and His Friends. † I decided to choose Moseley’s artwork because it is a parody of the famous artwork, â€Å"Last Supper. † The original artwork â€Å"Last Supper,† was painted by the infamous artist Leonardo da Vinci. Because the painting â€Å"Jesus and His Friends† is the parody of â€Å"Last Supper,† I was able to recognize the painting and feel more familiar with the painting. Although the two painting is based on the same biblical event, there are differences among the two paintings. First of all, I received the feeling of happiness in the painting of â€Å"Jesus and His Friends. † The Original art â€Å"Last Supper† however, has the atmosphere full of sadness and remorse. Similar to the title â€Å"Last Supper,† the painting depicted Jesus’s last supper with his disciples before Jesus’s incarceration by the Roman soldiers. In Contrast, Moseley’s depiction of â€Å"Last Supper† includes laughter and smiles among both Jesus and his disciples. Another different quality of Mosely’s painting is the quality of â€Å"round-faced† of all the 13 individuals. Although I do not fully understand Mosely’s intentions behind â€Å"round-faced† individuals, I am attracted to his comical portrayal of the acclaimed biblical event. Also in the painting â€Å"Jesus and His Friends,† Moseley decided to use different colors on the table. In da Vinci’s original painting, the color of the table is portrayed white due to the white cloth; however, in Mosely’s â€Å"Jesus and His Friends,† the color of the table is blue. At first, the blue-colored table seemed odd to me, but when incorporating the color’s psychology into the overall atmosphere of the painting, everything seems to fit in perfectly. The color of blue symbolizes trust, loyalty, wisdom, confidence, intelligence, faith, truth, and heaven. When applying blue’s symbolism to the painting’s atmosphere, it makes sense why the 13 individuals are fully of happiness and confidence, despite Jesus’s upcoming incarceration. Similar to the color of the table, Mosely also decided to use different colors to depict the clothing of the disciples. Mosely’s choice of the disciples’ clothing is red and green. The color of red symbolizes power, passion, love, and aggression. The color of green symbolizes nature, renewal, youth, and service. Artist Everett Moseley also portrayed the thirteen individuals’ hair color using thick and black coloring. By using the color black, the artist is symbolizing power, formality, elegance, mystery, and death. Another unique feature about the painting â€Å"Jesus and His Friends† is the individuals’ hands. Although I do not fully understand Moseley’s intentions, the artist painted the hands of the individuals very big. Also different from original painting, I received the feelings of happiness due to the cartoon-like portrayal of the overall atmosphere. When analyzing Moseley’s painting of â€Å"Jesus and His Friends,† there are pros and cons to the artwork. Because Moseley tried to emphasize cartoon-like atmosphere, the artwork looks as if a child drew the painting. Due to the simple colors, shape, and lines used by the artist, I could not feel the depth to this artwork. On the other hands, because of the antithetical mood of the overall painting compared to the â€Å"Last Supper,† I received the feeling of purity and chastity from â€Å"Jesus and His Friends. † I believe Moseley was able to generate such feelings for the viewers by emphasizing the individuals’ big smiles). Even in other paintings of Moseley, the artist emphasizes happy expression among the main figure to generate positive atmosphere. Although there aren’t any depth and details to the painting, I decided to choose this artwork because of its positive atmosphere of purity.

Regret Debut Singles and Good Attitude free essay sample

Regret Everyone has had to deal with some form of regret. It is impossible to go through life without making a wrong decision or saying something they wish they hadnt. These mistakes remind us that we are human and we cannot do everything right all the time. However, there are some things that you can do to resolve and even avoid some regrets. When being faced with a difficult decision, it is a good idea to take some time to think it over. Devise a plan, sleep on it, or talk it over with some friends. This way there is very little chance to regret the decision you make.For instance, you decide on career and go to college. You get good grades and graduate. After you start working in your field, you realize that this is not what you want to do for the rest of your life, and you have Just wasted a lot of time and money. We will write a custom essay sample on Regret: Debut Singles and Good Attitude or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page By considering your decision, you have a better chance of making a choice you can live with. Make your decision and let it go. Afterwards, do not question yourself. Trust in your own ability. For example, you want to buy a house, although you are not sure what to do. Before you buy, do the appropriate research so you can make an Informed decision and not regret It later on.Accept the outcome whatever the consequences are. No matter what happens, deal with it and let it go. If the love of your life tells you that your relationship Is not working out and leaves you, accept it. You can try to figure out what went wrong, but do not dwell on it too long. Assess some of your regrets and try to resolve as many as possible. Lets say you had a fight with your best friend and you said some things you wish you could take back. Swallow your pride and try to rectify the situation. This way you can alleviate some guilt. Instead of focusing on the negative, try to have a positive outlook.Suppose a loved one passed away and you feel you did not spend enough time with them. Instead of concentrating on what you should have done, try to remember the things you did do together. It Is natural to grieve, but try not to let It get the better of you. Try to have a good attitude. Your teacher gives you an assignment that you do not understand; you complete It and receive a bad grade. Do not think of yourself as an Idiot that cannot do anything right. Start from scratch, talk to your teacher and try to revise your strategy. By having a good attitude, maybe you can find a new way to approach a difficult situation.Appreciate all the good things you have. Regret Is an appalling waste of energy; you cant build on It; It Is only good for wallowing In. (Katherine Mansfield) Life Is short, so leave the past In the past, and try to enjoy It as best as you can. Immersing yourself In regret can only hinder you. Regret: Debut Singles and Good Attitude By Khan without making a wrong decision or saying something they wish they hadnt. These appropriate research so you can make an informed decision and not regret it later deal with it and let it go. If the love of your life tells you that your relationship is not irking out and leaves you, accept it.You can try to figure out what went wrong, but remember the things you did do together. It is natural to grieve, but try not to let it assignment that you do not understand; you complete it and receive a bad grade. Do not think of yourself as an idiot that cannot do anything right. Start from scratch, talk you have. Regret is an appalling waste of energy; you cant build on it; it is only good for wallowing in. (Katherine Mansfield) Life is short, so leave the past in the past, and try to enjoy it as best as you can. Immersing yourself in regret can only hinder you.

French Expressions Using Tenir

French Expressions Using Tenir The French verb tenir literally means to hold, keep, or grasp and is also used in many idiomatic expressions. Learn how to keep in mind, have on good authority, keep an eye on someone, and more with this list of expressions with tenir. Examples of Expressions With Tenir tenir infinitive- to be anxious totenir ce que subjunctive- to be anxious thattenir quelque chose- to cherish somethingtenir bon- to hold ones groundtenir compagnie quelquun- to keep someone companytenir compte de- to keep in mind, to take into accounttenir debout (figuratively)- to hold watertenir de bonne source- to have on good authoritytenir de quelquun- to take after someonetenir le bon bout- to be on the right tracktenir le coup- to hold out, to make it throughtenir rigueur quelquun de ne pas- to hold it against someone for nottenir quelquun loeil- to keep an eye on someonetenir quelquun/quelque chose pour- to regard someone/something asen tenir pour quelquun- to fancy/have a crush on someoneil tient que- it depends onQu cela ne tienne.- Thats no problem.tenez votre gauche/droite- to keep to the left/rightTiens !- Hey there! or Take this.se tenir adjective- to behavese tenir quelque chose- to hold onto somethingse tenir au courant de quelque chose- to keep informed ab out something se tenir les cà ´tes- to split ones sides laughingUn tiens vaut mieux que deux tu lauras.- A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.

Hildegard of Bingen, Mystic, Writer, Composer, Saint

Hildegard of Bingen, Mystic, Writer, Composer, Saint Hildegard of Bingen (1098–September 17, 1179) was a medieval mystic and visionary and Abbess of Bingens Benedictine community. She was also a prolific composer and the author of several books on spirituality, visions, medicine, health and nutrition, nature. A powerful figure within the church, she corresponded with Queen Eleanor of Aquitaine and other major political figures of the time. She was made a saint of the Church of England and was later canonized by the Catholic Church. Fast Facts: Hildegard of Bingen Known For: German mystic, religious leader, and saintAlso Known As: Saint Hildegard, Sibyl  of the  RhineBorn: 1098 in  Bermersheim vor der Hà ¶he, GermanyParents: Mechtild of Merxheim-Nahet,  Hildebert of BermersheimDied: September 17, 1179 in  Bingen am Rhein, GermanyEducation: Privately educated in at the  Benedictine  cloister of Disibodenberg by Jutta, a sister of the count of SpanheimPublished Works:  Symphonia armonie celestium revelationum, Physica, Causae et Curae, Scivias, Liber Vitae Meritorum, (Book of the Life of Merits), Liber Divinorum Operum (Book of the Divine Works)Awards and Honors:  Canonized in 2012 by Pope Benedict XVI; proclaimed a doctor of the church in the same yearNotable Quote: Woman may be made from man, but no man can be made without a woman. Hildegard of Bingen Biography Born in Bemersheim (Bà ¶ckelheim), West Franconia (now Germany), in 1098, Hildegard of Bingen was the 10th child of a well-to-do family. Shed had visions connected with illness (perhaps migraines) from a young age, and in 1106 her parents sent her to a 400-year-old Benedictine monastery that had only recently added a section for women. They put her under the care of a noblewoman and resident there named Jutta, calling Hildegard the familys tithe to God. Jutta, whom Hildegard later referred to as an unlearned woman, taught Hildegard to read and write. Jutta became the abbess of the convent, which attracted other young women of noble background. In that time, convents were often places of learning, a welcome home to women who had intellectual gifts. Hildegard, as was true of many other women in convents at the time, learned Latin, read the scriptures, and had access to many other books of religious and philosophical nature. Those who have traced the influence of ideas in her writings find that Hildegard must have read quite extensively. Part of the Benedictine rule required study, and Hildegard clearly availed herself of the opportunities. Founding a New, Female House When Jutta died in 1136, Hildegard was elected unanimously as the new abbess. Rather than continue as part of a double house- a monastery with units for men and for women- Hildegard in 1148 decided to move the convent to Rupertsberg, where it was on its own and not directly under the supervision of a male house. This gave Hildegard considerable freedom as an administrator, and she traveled frequently in Germany and France. She claimed that she was following Gods order in making the move, firmly opposing her abbots opposition. She assumed a rigid position, lying like a rock until he gave his permission for the move. The move was completed in 1150. The Rupertsberg convent grew to as many as 50 women and became a popular burial site for the wealthy of the area. The women who joined the convent were of wealthy backgrounds, and the convent did not discourage them from maintaining something of their lifestyle. Hildegard of Bingen withstood criticism of this practice, claiming that wearing jewelry to worship God was honoring God, not practicing selfishness. She later also founded a daughter house in Eibingen. This community is still in existence. Hildegards Work and Visions Part of the Benedictine rule is labor, and Hildegard spent early years in nursing and at Rupertsberg in illustrating (illuminating) manuscripts. She hid her early visions; only after she was elected abbess did she receive a vision that she said clarified her knowledge of the psaltery...the evangelists and the volumes of the Old and New Testament. Still showing much self-doubt, she began to write and share her visions. Papal Politics Hildegard of Bingen lived at a time when, within the Benedictine movement, there were stresses on the inner experience, personal meditation, an immediate relationship with God, and visions. It was also a time in Germany of striving between papal authority and the authority of the German (Holy Roman) emperor and by a papal schism. Hildegard of Bingen, through her many letters, took to task both the German Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and the archbishop of Main. She wrote to such luminaries as King Henry II of England and his wife Eleanor of Aquitaine. She also corresponded with many individuals of low and high estate who wanted her advice or prayers. Hildegards Favorite Richardis or Ricardis von Stade, one of the convents nuns who was a personal assistant to Hildegard of Bingen, was a special favorite of Hildegard. Richardis brother was an archbishop, and he arranged for his sister to head another convent. Hildegard tried to persuade Richardis to stay and wrote insulting letters to the brother and even wrote to the pope, hoping to stop the move. But Richardis left and died after she decided to return to Rupertsberg but before she could do so. Preaching Tour In her 60s, Hildegard of Bingen began the first of four preaching tours, speaking mostly in other communities of Benedictines such as her own and other monastic groups, but also sometimes speaking in public settings. Hildegard Defies Authority A final famous incident happened near the end of Hildegards life when she was in her 80s. She allowed a nobleman who had been excommunicated to be buried at the convent, seeing that he had last rites. She claimed shed received word from God allowing the burial. But her ecclesiastical superiors intervened and ordered the body exhumed. Hildegard defied the authorities by hiding the grave, and the authorities excommunicated the entire convent community. Most insultingly to Hildegard, the interdict prohibited the community from singing. She complied with the interdict, avoiding singing and communion, but did not comply with the command to exhume the corpse. Hildegard appealed the decision to yet higher church authorities and finally had the interdict lifted. Hildegard of Bingen Writings The best-known writing of Hildegard of Bingen is a trilogy (1141–1152) including Scivias, Liber Vitae Meritorum, (Book of the Life of Merits), and Liber Divinorum Operum (Book of the Divine Works). These include records of her visions- many are apocalyptic- and her explanations of scripture and salvation history. She also wrote plays, poetry, and music, and many of her hymns and song cycles are recorded today. She even wrote on medicine and nature- and its important to note that for Hildegard of Bingen, as for many in medieval times, theology, medicine, music, and similar topics were united, not separate spheres of knowledge. Was Hildegard a Feminist? Today, Hildegard of Bingen is celebrated as a feminist. This has to be interpreted within the context of her times. On the one hand, she accepted many of the assumptions of the time about the inferiority of women. She called herself a paupercula feminea forma or poor weak woman, and implied that the current feminine age was thereby a less-desireable age. That God depended on women to bring his message was a sign of the chaotic times, not a sign of the advance of women. On the other hand, she exercised considerably more authority than most women of her time in practice, and she celebrated feminine community and beauty in her spiritual writings. She used the metaphor of marriage to God, though this was not her invention nor a new metaphor- and it was not universal. Her visions have female figures in them: Ecclesia, Caritas (heavenly love), Sapientia, and others. In her texts on medicine, she included topics that male writers usually avoided, such as how to deal with menstrual cramps. She also wrote a text just on what is today called gynecology. Clearly, she was a more prolific writer than most women of her era; more to the point, she was more prolific than most of the men of the time. There were some suspicions that her writing was not her own and could instead be attributed to her scribe Volman, who seems to have taken the writings that she put down and made permanent records of them. But even in her writing after he died, her usual fluency and complexity of writing is present, which would be counterevidence to the theory of his authorship. Sainthood Perhaps because of her famous (or infamous) flouting of ecclesiastical authority, Hildegard of Bingen was not initially canonized by the Roman Catholic Church as a saint, although she was honored locally as a saint. The Church of England considered her a saint. On May 10, 2012, Pope Benedict XVI officially declared her a saint of the Roman Catholic Church. Later that year on October 7, he named her a Doctor of the Church (meaning her teachings are recommended doctrine). She was the fourth woman to be so honored, after Teresa of Avila, Catherine of Siena, and Tà ©rà ¨se of Lisieux. Death Hildegard of Bingen died  on September 17, 1179, at age 82. Her feast day is September 17. Legacy Hildegard of Bingen was, by modern standards, not as revolutionary as she might have been considered in her time. She preached the superiority of order over change, and the church reforms she pushed for included the superiority of ecclesiastical power over secular power, and of popes over kings. She opposed the Cathar heresy in France and had a long-running rivalry (expressed in letters) with another figure whose influence was unusual for a woman, Elisabeth of Shonau. Hildegard of Bingen is probably more properly classified as a prophetic visionary rather than a mystic, as revealing knowledge from God was more her priority than her own personal experience or union with God. Her apocalyptic visions of the consequences of acts and practices, her lack of concern for herself, and her sense that she was the instrument of Gods word to others differentiate her from many of the female and male mystics near her time. Her music is performed today and her spiritual works are read as examples of a feminine interpretation of church and spiritual ideas. Sources â€Å"A Contemporary Look at Hildegard of Bingen.†Ã‚  Healthy Hildegard, 21 Feb. 2019.The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"St. Hildegard.†Ã‚  Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1 Jan. 2019.Franciscan Media. â€Å"Saint Hildegard of Bingen.†Ã‚  Franciscan Media, 27 Dec. 2018.

Ergonomics Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ergonomics - Case Study Example Industries dealing with the usage of heavy machinery and involving direct interaction with the equipment that is hazardous can be properly handled through the principles of ergonomics. NIOSH is an acronym for National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The Institute provides guidelines for safe working procedures in various disciplines, especially those fields where the use of physical exercise is directly involved. The incumbent organization provides necessary awareness about the kind of material to be used and it also identifies the material which might not add any value to the processes and human safety while working in industrial environment. The main purpose of this organization has been to reduce the injuries and make physical work safer and more enjoyable. Various devices have been introduced for the purpose of creating comfort in the organizational environment. Back belt is one of them, which has been used to a certain degree. The purpose of back belt is to reduce the stress that may be exerted on the body while performing activities during the operations. In an industrial environment, the workers are usually confronted with the lifting of heavy objects, leaning against them or sliding into the very narrow parts of the machine, for this purpose back belts provide sufficient resistance to the back. The usage of back belts is not just limited to the working environment, many athletes use them while lifting the heavy weight material, and even the deep sea divers use them to provide support against any sudden jerk that may be felt by the body. Back belts are worn for the purpose of reducing the chances of stress and injury to the body, however , on the contrary, research conducted in this regard by the administrative body, NOISH has shown that there is little effectiveness provided by these back belts, rather they squeeze up the body and limit the motion. While similar things were

Intro to film Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Intro to film - Essay Example The film has massive usage of heroic characters. The film producer used such characters for thematic and interest purpose. The film technique or usage of heroic lead characters, demonstrates the change from communist ideology to multiculturalism. A significant memory-image in the film â€Å"How Green Was My Valley Says That† occurs in the last scene of the film. In this scene, Morgan’s family is having supper as they reflect the happy moments that they spent together. The scene is also crowned by a crescendo of the film’s theme song and voices of the Morgan’s family members. A scene whereby, Angharad watch Huw and Gruffyd as they disappear into the blooming flowers on the hillside follows. The battleship Potemkin belongs to the Montage movement. This movement began in 1924 and lasted until 1930. The explicit explanation of Russian history was the main characteristic of films produced under this movement. The strong political message and soviet philosophy in the film is the main characteristic that identifies it as a montage movement’s

My Assignment Essay Example for Free

My Assignment Essay According to Wikipedia, custom is defined by an authority or agency in a country responsible for collecting and safeguarding customs duties and for controlling the flow of goods including animals, transports, personal effects and hazardous items in and out of a country. Other definition of custom is practice or rule of conduct established in a particular community, locality, or trade, by long usage and obligatory on those within its scope. A valid custom must be certain, reasonable, not contrary to statute law, and of immemorial antiquity. It is also called custom and usage. Malaysia which once known as Tanah Melayu has implemented the collection of tax since before the colonial era. The one responsible on that era to collect the tax known as Shahbandar and the one who become their chief is Penghulu Bendahari. Upon with the colonial era, Straits Settlement (Negeri-Negeri Selat) was formed. There were three straits in the Straits Settlement; Malacca, Penang and Temasik (Singapore). Each straits consist of Governor who has the authority to collect the tax. They were lead by General Council located at Calcutta which control by Board of Control of British East India Company. Even though the Straits Settlement has been formed, the previous tax used by Pembesar Melayu still used such as Tax Farming. With the formation of Federation of Malaya on 1948, Customs and Excise department also establish for the whole Malay Peninsula. The formation of the customs union Federation of Malaya 1948 was suggested by Sir Cecil Clementi. The suggestion was made on the Head of Rulers Conference which also known as Durbar on 1931 at Seri Menanti, Negeri Sembilan. According to Custom Ordinance 1952, those who involve with The Federal Council are responsible for issuing all regulations relating to customs matters. Upon reaching the independence days on August 1957 and the formation of Malaysia, the Customs and Excise department were restructured many times to make the regulation was tally with the developing Malaysia. In Malaysia, custom department was known as Royal Malaysian Custom. Each department or organization in government or private sector has its own mission and vision. The vision of Royal Malaysian Custom is to make Malaysian Customs services world class in 2015. Royal Malaysian Custom got three main missions. First and foremost is to drive economic growth. Second is protects national security and public welfare through revenue collection services. Third is facilitates the trade and industrial and ensuring adherence to the laws through efficient and effective means. The article state that the custom has increased and upgrade the scanner machine located at the country gate. They did this to ensure that their officer can increase the performance via high technology machine. The custom done this because of the increase of smuggling activity happen in our country. Recently, the smuggling activity has increased. As a normal citizen, I observe that this thing happen due to government has increase the price of some items without telling to the citizen. Thus, the normal citizen demand on the low price items has increased greater. Smuggler who wants to make the profit will use this opportunity to distribute their items. What is smuggle item? Smuggle item is an item which were brought into the country illegally and not paying the duty. Usually the item also did not follow the standard rate of a certain item. For example is smuggle phone. Are the phones either is safe to be used and has the safety warranty or any others. Another example is nicotine and tar ratio in a cigarette. Usually the ratio in the smuggle cigarette not following the standard that is state by the ministry of health. Proposal to Improve Custom 1. In my opinion, what custom has done was a great worked. This is because they will prevent smuggling from occur and prevent a person or company that trying to evade from paying tax and create an equal right among all importer. A research has been done by Richard James from Goldman Sachs Group Inc. According to the statistic that was done by him, our country was listed as the top country that smuggling cigarettes. James said that on year 2009, the percentage of cigarette smuggle is 37 percent and is expected to increase as the legal cigarette price was announced increase by the government. The smuggler today also has come with many creative and unimaginable methods to smuggle their goods. For example is what stated by www.harian –metro-online.com. There was a smuggler who dug a whole between a bunch of 15 piece of footwear. Thus, custom effort to upgrade the scanning machine was a great idea to prevent from a new way of smuggling that the smuggler keeps improving it. All of this activity happen due to what is stated before, that is due to government has increase the price towards several item. To prevent this from occurring again, I think government should decide properly before making decision on increasing the price of items. For example, the price of the smoke was increased because the government think that by increasing the smoke price, a smoker citizen will decrease thus create a healthy citizen. But what is expected by the government was wrong. A heavy smoker made the smoke as their habit. Even there is a slogan made by them. The slogan is â€Å"smoke is like their second life† or â€Å"we cannot live without smoke†. Thus, to continue their habit, they intend to find a smoke which has lower price. The lower price smoke is surely the smuggle smoke. And the smuggle smoke contain higher nicotine and tar which did not follow the ratio of both ingredient that is allowed by the ministry of health under the poison act 1952 and food act 1983 control of tobacco product (amendment) regulation 2008. This indicates that smuggle smoke is more dangerous compare to prohibited smoke. 2. One of custom general objective is to prevent loss of revenue. As we all know the tax collected by the custom is one the country revenue. The revenue will be used to develop the country. It also gives benefit to the citizen if the country developed well. Thus, by more smuggling activity occurs, it causes lot of country revenue loss. It is equal to a hard for the government to develop the country. To prevent or reducing the activity, Malaysian Custom can implement what has been done by the Singapore Customs (SC). SC has made â€Å"joint media released by Singapore Customs (SC) and Immigration and Checkpoints Authority (ICA)†. On these joint, the SC manage to arrested many smuggling attempt. One of the attempts is happen on 11 April 2009 at Tuas Checkpoint. The smuggler foiled a smuggling attempt using bricks to conceal illegal cigarettes. They done the operation as soon as they receive the information that there will be Malaysia-registered prime mover would be smuggling duty-unpaid cigarettes into Singapore. As the first line of defence towards the smuggling activity on Singapore region, ICA has intercepted the vehicle that is believed to be the smuggler. As the result, they found a total of 20,970 packets of cigarettes hidden beneath the floorboard of the centre column of the trailer. Officers had to drill and pry open the centre column of the trailer’s floorboard to expose the smuggled cigarettes. All the content in the vehicle was seized and the driver was arrested and punished using the Singapore Law. On the contrary, Malaysia first line of defence from smuggling activity is the custom itself. Thus, the custom can create a division for the immigration and check point authority to make the work flow more ease and efficient. They also must act fast as soon as they received the information. The custom must execute the law strictly. They must tighten up the security checks on the cargo or vehicles to prevent attempts to smuggle things. This is to prevent the loss of country revenue which helps the country to develop. Besides, custom side must aware with new techniques used by smuggler to smuggle things as they somehow will try to find a new way to smuggle their things. 3. As addition, I think the custom also can send their officer regularly to make exercise on checking cargo or goods pass the custom. This will ensure that they can do a full check on the cargo or goods fast and efficient without wasting time. This also can increase the quality of the custom and make the other country respect our custom. Besides, the custom also must select their officer carefully so that there will be no bribe case happen during the process of checking and pass the custom. This is to ensure that our custom not look down by the smuggler and other country custom.

A Feminist Perspective of Measure for Measure and The Merchant of Venic

A Feminist Perspective of Measure for Measure and The Merchant of Venice      Ã‚  Ã‚   Isabella's only power could be in saying 'no', her 'no' to Angelo that she would not leave the world despoiled and soulless, 'no' to Claudio that she would sacrifice herself, 'no' to the nunnery that she had wished to enter or 'no' to the Duke's offer of marriage. Isabella's role ability to be self-determining was quite different from Portia's advocacy in The Merchant of Venice, for Isabella was the tool of the Duke, fulfilling his scripting. Her nun's garb should have ensured a neuter role, and she intended her pity and love for her brother to involve her in this world only so far as to counsel him in honour. Despite her self concept, two men of the world with power over her saw her as a beautiful sexual object to be acquired. Against this, Isabella's strength was in theological purity, going straight to the sense of the Gospels. We cannot cast the first stone. We must have mercy for others, because "he which is the top of judgement" had mercy on us. Because the censors usually eliminated the word 'God', references were oblique, but there could be no real substitution of 'Jove' or 'the gods' here where the sense was so very New Testament. Isabella was preaching to a society which had gone far in condemnation and execution in the name of religion; she was a beacon of clear light. Portia actively sought mercy as the greatest response and carefully gave Shylock every option to release the bond which held him when she stage-managed the last-minute dramatic revelation, showing that he too could be forfeit. Significantly, the advocacy of both Portia and Isabella was the same: mercy must be applied to the law. Could a Duke's one gateway denouement be... ...d expanded, and the whole prospered on the servitude and devotion of women. Petruchio did his bit, as did Isabella's Duke, so that protectionism was the right end and repository for women's identity and role. Yet in the next section Benedick will meet his match, and that paragon, Portia, will tactfully remain within the rhetorical framework of male supremacy, costuming her more able endeavours.... i Jill Bavin-Mizzi, Ravished (Sydney: University of New South Wales Press, 1995). ii Margaret Thornton, "Women as fringe dwellers of the jurisprudential community", in Sex, Power and Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995), p. 190. iii Charlotte Lennox (nà ©e Ramsay), 1729 -1804, actress and poet, Women Reading Shakespeare 1660-1900, An anthology of criticism, ed. Ann Thompson and Sasha Roberts (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1997), pp. 17-18.

Marketing, Customer Value, and the Lin Essay

INTRODUCTION In today’s economy, firms are no longer the center of business. In order to survive, companies need to acknowledge the fact that business now revolves around customers (Keith, 1960). As a result, marketing becomes one of the most prominent philosophies in business. Therefore, to get a better understanding of today’s business, this essay will be discussing about three important concepts. These concepts are marketing as a business philosophy, the understanding of customer value, followed by the link between marketing and customer value. In addition, this essay will be using the Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema as example of the concepts’ application. MARKETING Marketing as a business philosophy has grew astoundingly for the past few decades. It becomes one of the influential subjects that being thoroughly explored in the society. Many have tried to define marketing in different ways. Based on a marketing expert Philip Kotler (1983), marketing is defined as a â€Å"human activity directed at satisfying needs and wants through exchange processes† (p. 7). Marketing exists in order to know what the customers wants and what are their needs, and satisfy those wants and needs through transactions. According to Kotler (1983), there are various philosophies that can guide the business conducts exchange and achieves desired outcomes. Using Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema as example, philosophies that will be discussed here are product philosophy and marketing philosophy. Product Philosophy According to Kotler (1983), product philosophy assumes that customers will choose to buy high quality products, and thus organizations should focus on the product design and its quality.  Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema is an example of product philosophy application in business. In February 1997, Village Cinemas and Warner Bros partnered to open a new type of cinema in Melbourne’s Crown Casino—â€Å"Gold Class† cinema (Wikipedia, 2014). This new luxury cinema format was then expanded to other Village Cinemas 1 throughout Australia and around the world. â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema is a premium venue, offering personalized service level with smaller and private cinemas. â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema focuses highly on its products’ quality by improving the art projection and its sound systems as well as adding recliner to its seats (Village Roadshow Limited, n.d.). All these new high quality products were prove as how â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema highly values the quality of its products. However, product concept will not be enough for Village Cinema to become successful. The purpose of a cinema is to entertain customers. Yet, entertainment as human’s needs can actually be satisfied by something else such as sport events or music concerts. Thus, Village Cinema needs to apply marketing philosophy to complement the product philosophy. Marketing Philosophy To understand marketing philosophy, it is important to know the purpose of business in advance. Peter F. Drucker (1999) stated, â€Å"there is only one valid definition of business purpose: to create a customer† (p. 35). Marketing concept focuses on identifying what the customer needs, what products can attract customers and how to promote them effectively (Kotler, 1983). By putting marketing philosophy in practice, business can serve what consumers want and will generate greater profit. Village Cinemas developed the â€Å"Gold Class† concept even further in order to  Ã¢â‚¬Å"widen the appeal of going to movies† and â€Å"attract broader demographic† (Village Roadshow Limited, n.d.). They put marketing philosophy into practice by analyzing what action should be undertaken in order to satisfy the customers’ need of being served. In addition to entertainment, human likes to be given personal service. Thus, Village Cinemas improve the â€Å"Gold Class† Cinemas by providing entertainment with high quality products and giving a personalized service at the same time. â€Å"Gold Class† Cinemas â€Å"boast a full service bar, lounge and gourmet food with personal waiter service during each screening† (Village Cinemas, n.d.). As the pioneer of this concept, Village Cinema has successfully embraced the marketing philosophy where business should focus on the customer and to provide what they want. 2 CUSTOMER VALUE Zeithaml (1988, as cited in Smith & Colgate, 2007, p. 8) defined customer value as being â€Å"what customers get from the purchase and use of a product versus what they pay.† According to Drucker (1999), customer value determines what the business will produce and whether it will prosper or not. Clearly, customers will prefer to consume the product that offers them most benefits with least costs possible. Based on their researches, Smith and Colgate (2007) proposed four major values of customer that applicable to consumer and to customer value creation strategy. According to Smith and Colgate (2007), functional value is concerned about the purpose and usefulness of a product. Experiential value is concerned with the customers’ feelings created by the product whereas symbolic value is concerned about the psychological meaning of a product to customers. On the other hand, cost is related to the both direct and indirect costs of using the product. The following table shows customer value creation strategy with Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema as the example. Functional Correct /- Movies, sound systems, and seats has high quality accurate – attribute creativity) Product characteristic (quality, customization, – Given appropriate attributes when necessary (e.g.: 3D glasses when watching 3D movies) – All food and beverages menu should be available when ordered Appropriate – Movie delivered without any disturbance performance – Being served with high quality service – Seat recliner move accordingly – Ordered food and beverages come correctly and within appropriate time length. Appropriate – Everything function effectively and appropriately as it outcomes should be – Cinema should be able to entertain and serve the 3 customers – Foods and beverages should be able to satisfy customers Experiential Sensory – More specialised and high quality theatre design for â€Å"Gold Class† customers than other normal customers in order to improve aesthetic value – Food plating should be appealing – Foods and beverages should smell and taste good Emotional – The movie watched will bring pleasure and enjoyment, (fun, excitement, happy, adventurous, sad, humorous or any other emotional feeling) – Customers should feel satisfied after being entertained and served personally Social – The design of â€Å"Gold Class† theatre have fewer seats and intimate setting, which could lead to a love bonding between partners or loved ones – Friendship and love bonding with families and friends by watching movie in â€Å"Gold Class† cinema together Epistemic – Some high quality movies provided by the â€Å"Gold Class† cinemas might provide knowledge and educational movie, fantasy, or any other experiences depend on the movie genre Symbolic Self identity – Staff and system interaction can make customer feel / worth better about their own selves. – Personalised service can make customer feel exclusive Personal Watching with the meaning loved one and become unforgettable memories – Irreplaceable quality time with family or friends every week in the cinema Self – Customers can express their taste of movie and expression preference of way to spend their leisure time Social – Customers can gain prestige and status by watching 4 meaning movie in â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema in front of their friends – The term â€Å"Gold Class† itself can boost up the customer’s image and self esteem when they enter the special theatre in front of crowd – As the ticket is expensive, customers will be known as rich by other, which can make them feel exclusive Conditional meaning Cost – People will think only those with higher disposable income or rich background can watch in this cinema Economic – The price of the ticket, food and beverages – The transportation cost or any other indirect cost Psychologi- – Some psychological relationship cost such as cal attachment or addiction – Equity conflict for customers who think highly of how some people can’t afford to enjoy the privilege Personal – Energy, effort and time spent to queue or click the investment order button through internet Risk – Low personal and operational risk as Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema is a well-known brand – High financial risk as the price is higher than other theatre 5 LINK BETWEEN MARKETING AND CUSTOMER VALUE Whatever the market or the business operating at, marketing has one common theme— to ‘create perceived customer value that is superior to alternatives available while at the same time creating value for the business’ (Kotler, Brown, Burton, Deans, & Armstrong. 2010, p. 4). When marketing philosophy is applied in a business, customer value will play a really important role. Creation of the customer value is critical for marketing, especially when the business is going to develop new products and services (Smith & Colgate, 2007). Customer value represents customer point of view, and marketing needs it in order to manage a profitable relationships between business and customers. With marketing philosophy, business needs to know what customers consider important in a product—what customers value in a product—and to develop those products according to customers’ preferences. Compared to marketing philosophy, customer value doesn’t really influence product philosophy. In this case, business assumes that customers will prefer to buy high quality product with reasonable price, thus marketing effort is not much needed (Kotler, 1983). However, Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema still considers customers value as critical to their business. Village Cinema didn’t only focus on the product quality, yet they deliver a personalized and high quality service as well in order to satisfy the customers. Village Cinema knows that customers want to be entertained and personally served in the same time. Thus, the importance of customer value was demonstrated by applying marketing philosophy in their business and develop â€Å"Gold Class† concept. CONCLUSION To conclude, marketing is highly linked with customer value. Despite having different philosophies, every business should not take customer value lightly if they want to survive in today’s competition. Even if some businesses like Village â€Å"Gold Class† Cinema embrace more than one philosophy, they still need to address customer value as a really important concept that can influence their business outcome. REFERENCE LIST Drucker, P. F. (1999). The Practice of Management. Oxford, London: Butterworth Heinemann. Keith, R. J. (1960). The Marketing Revolution. Journal of Marketing, 24(3), 35-38. Retrieved from http://www,jstor.org/stable/1248704 Kotler, P. (1983). Marketing and Human Needs. Marketing in Australia (pp. 3-27). Melbourne, VIC: Prentice-Hall of Australia. Kotler, P., Brown, L., Burton, S., Deans, K., & Armstrong, G. (2010). Marketing (8th ed.). Sydney, NSW: Pearson Australia. Smith, J. B. & Colgate, M. (2007). Customer Value Creation: A Practical Framework. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice, 15(1), 7-23. Doi: 10.2753/mtp10696679150101 Village Cinemas. (n. d.) Gold Class. Retrieved from http://villagecinemas.com.au/goldclass Village Roadshow Limited. (n.d.) Cinema Exhibition. Retrieved from http://www.villageroadshow.com.au/Company-Profile/Exhibition.htm Wikipedia. (2014). Village Cinemas. Retrieved from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village_Cinemas

Important Characteristics of a Co-Worker Essay

We all work or will work in our jobs with many different kinds of people. In your opinion, what are some important characteristics of a co-worker (someone you work closely with)? Use reasons and specific examples to explain why these characteristics are important. Answer It is efficient to work with co-workers. We can cooperate to successfully accomplish a job. However, not all co-workers are good partners. There are characteristics to be a good colleague. Of them, three of the characteristics are described in the following paragraphs. First, good co-workers are cooperative. We tackle the same work together. Thus, we have to cheer ourselves. For example, if one of the members mistakes, the others should encourage him or her. They make up for the mistake together. We get to trust each other by this event. Therefore, we can do our best by cooperating at any time. Second, good co-workers are smart. When smart workers work together, the work goes on well. It is strong for business if people gather together to make an elite group. Nowadays, business is very combative. We have to win the game to any other groups. Otherwise, we will lose in the society. People want to work with smart co-workers to succeed. The group will give benefits to any members of the group. Third, good co-workers are ardent to any job. It is fundamental, but is very significant. When people work with somebody, they have to work enthusiastically. This behavior stimulates other people. Unenthusiastic people look lazy. They look to work as they want if they are not. That is because other people of the group do not feel good to work with them. A project should tackle cheerfully. If they do not work enthusiastically, the ambience of the group will changes very badly. To work with unenthusiastic people is a disadvantage for the group. Overall, characteristics of co-workers are important. To encounter the best co-workers is rare. However, the characteristics above are at least sought by our society. These conditions are manners to work with other people.

Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essays

Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essays Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essay Marble Chip Investigation Essay Essay Fair Test To do it a just trial and do my consequences more accurate I will seek and maintain all variables constant except the concentration of the acid. This will include weighing the marble french friess every clip and seeking to utilize balls of approximately the same size to maintain the surface country reasonably changeless as a alteration in surface country will impact the rate of reaction. I will seek and avoid a alteration in temperature and I will utilize the same equipment throughout the trials. Each concentration will be repeated at least one time to better truth as an norm can be taken. Research The rate of reaction depends upon two factors. the figure of hits within a clip between the reactants. and the fraction of these hits that are successful. Therefore. the higher the concentration of the reactants. the higher the rate of reaction because there will be an increased figure of hits. this is called hit theory. However. for the reaction between the two reactants to be successful. they must clash with adequate energy to respond. the energy needed to respond is known as activation energy. This can be shown on a graph like the one below. I believe this graph is similar to what the energy diagram would be for my probe. This shows that my chemical reaction will be exothermal. therefore it will let go of more energy than it uses to respond. Therefore. at a higher concentration. there will be more reactions let go ofing energy in the signifier of heat that will enable more atoms to make their activation energy degree and react. This shows that the rate of reaction will increase with the concentration of acid. Prediction After holding done some research I feel that I can do an instruction anticipation refering what will go on during my probe. I predict that the higher the concentration of acid I use. the faster the rate of reaction will be. I think this because the higher the concentration is. the more acerb atoms there will be to clash with the marble bit with adequate energy to do a reaction as explained in hit theory. I besides believe that the rate of reaction will increase with concentration of acid because the chemical reaction I am making is an exothermal reaction. Therefore. it will let go of energy as the reactions take topographic point. this will give more energy to other atoms around it and will do the reaction to rush up as more atoms reach their activation energy and collide with adequate energy to respond. Preliminary trial consequences I started with 10g of marble bit and 100cm3 of 2M acid. the reaction was excessively fast and could non be accurately measured. I so tried 3g of marble bit with the same sum of 2M acid ( 100cm3 ) . this worked mulct. nevertheless. when the 0. 4M concentration was tested the reaction was excessively slow and could non be accurately measured due to our graduated table. I so tried 6g of marble bit and it gave 135 cm3 of CO2 with the 2M concentration and 5 cm3 of CO2 with the 0. 4M concentration. I felt that this would give us a good scope of consequences so I stuck with those measurings based on my preliminary trials. Observations When we had done our experiment we realised that we could profit from some trials with other concentrations of acid to increase truth. Therefore we decided to make trials with 1. 8M. 1. 4M. 1M. 0. 6M and 0. 2M acid. However. when we did these trials they produced a much higher volume of C dioxide than we would anticipate from our old consequences. I came to the decision that this would hold to be down to a alteration in one of the variables. Looking at the variables it was possible that it could hold been temperature or surface country of the marble french friess that caused the alteration. but as at that place had non been any big alteration in these variables it was improbable that they would hold such a clear affect on the consequences. After making a few trials I found that it was the acid that I was utilizing that had affected the consequences. I had started on a new batch of acid as the old bottle had run out. Even though both batches of acid were labelled as being 2M. it was clear that one was stronger than the other and hence increased the rate of reaction as the opportunity of acerb atoms clashing with the marble bit had been increased as there were more acerb atoms. Due to this. I plotted at that place consequences as a separate line. nevertheless. the consequences still show the same form and are hence still utile in reasoning the relation between gas given off and the concentration of acid. as explained by hit theory. Decision As you can see on the graph. both lines go up in a smooth curve. This shows that there is a correlativity between concentration of acid and the volume of gas given off. As the concentration of acid additions so does the volume of gas. therefore they are relative. The gradient of the line gets steeper as the concentration increases. this means that there was a larger addition of gas produced between 1. 6M and 2M. than there was between 0. 4M and 0. 8M. even though the addition in concentration of acid was 0. 4M in both. The graph shows that at higher concentrations of acid. more C dioxide was produced but in the same sum of clip. This shows that at higher concentrations. the rate of reaction must hold been faster to bring forth more merchandises in the same clip period. This can be explained by hit theory and the thoughts on activation energy that I explained in my research and anticipation. In my anticipation I said that more gas would be given off with a higher concentration. these consequences show that I was right. This is because due to hit theory. in a low concentration of acid the acid atoms are spread far apart. This means that there is really small opportunity of acerb atoms clashing with the marble bit with adequate energy to respond. In a high concentration. the acid atoms are nearer together as there is more of them within the same volume. This means that there is a much higher opportunity of hit with the marble bit. and there is more energy due to the energy being produced by the reaction. which is exothermal. this causes the reaction to be quicker. This can be seen in my consequences. the 2M acid gave an norm of 134. 75cm3 of C dioxide. where the 0. 4M concentration merely gave an norm of 4cm3 of C dioxide. The rate of reaction is reduced by a lessening of atoms within the same infinite. Evaluation Accuracy of consequences I feel that my experiment was accurate because the consequences made a smooth curve on my graph. I did hold a job with the 1. 8M. 1. 4M. 1M. 0. 6M and 0. 2M acerb consequences. as the acid appeared to be stronger than it was labelled. However. I resolved this job by plotting the consequences as a separate line on my graph and they still showed a really similar curve to the other one demoing the same relation between concentration of acid and the volume of gas given off. This shows that it was likely merely the concentration of the acid that caused the job and non my executing of the experiment that caused the consequences to be somewhat different than what was expected. I think that my consequences could hold been better as there was some fluctuation between my four consequences for each of 2M. 1. 6M. 1. 2M. 0. 8M. and 0. 4M. However I do non experience this job is major as the fluctuations were comparatively little as is shown by the mistake borders drawn on my graph. but there is still room for betterment. Possible Improvements If I was to make this probe once more I would seek and maintain some of the variables constant that I had less control over. The probe was carried out over a few yearss so the schoolroom temperature may hold varied. This could hold had a little consequence on the rate of reaction doing my consequences less accurate. Although the marble french friess were approximately the same size they weren’t all precisely the same form. If I could happen a manner to do the marble french friess all the same form and size so the probe would be fairer as the surface country of the marble french friess would be changeless. If I was to make this probe once more I would seek and utilize merely one batch of acid for the whole experiment because as I found out. the acid supplied isn’t ever precisely the strength that it says it is. I would besides seek to utilize a more accurate piece of equipment to mensurate the volume of gas produced. utilizing a mensurating cylinder did non supply the best truth that was unfastened to me. I could hold achieved a higher degree of truth with a buret.

Writing Contest with Cash Prizes

Writing Contest with Cash Prizes ATTENTION ALL WRITERS! Summer has arrived, and this means our essay writing contest is now open for your submissions! The contest is international, so participants from any country are welcome! Visit the contest page for all the guidelines and submission details. Deadline August 1, 2014. Selected winner and runners-up will be announced on August 4, 2014. Win Cash Prizes $250 for the winner $100 for the first runner up $100 for the second runner up Spread the word about the contest to your friend authors who may be interested. We look forward to reading your submissions. Best of luck and happy writing!

Eggsactly LTD Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Eggsactly LTD - Essay Example It has two departments viz. the sales department and the production department. Present scenario included the fact that the market had continued with the original enthusiasm exhibited in this machine and continued to demand more and more of such machines. However despite such a robust demand the company was not as profitable as expected due to certain cost considerations. There are two complimentary approaches to improve the profitability of the concern. One is to increase the funds position of the concern by inviting new capital into the company. This would automatically result in expansion of the production base of the company and hopefully, result in the spreading of most fixed costs on a higher production base thus improving the profits. Second approach is to follow careful budgeting process in the concern covering all of its operations. In fact budgeting process has been missing entirely at the concern with reported mismatches in sales forecast and resultant carrying over of the finished goods' inventories. Ideally the concern would benefit the most if the two approaches are taken in tandem as following second approach would not only help control the fixed costs but also the variable costs would be streamlined. In addition, the budgeting system proposed is likely to be responsibility linked budgeting system in which each executive would be assigned the key budgeted figures and be accountable and responsible for variations if significant. Sales Function Merely an over enthusiastic top executive is no guarantee to a successful sales function. This enthusiasm is, in part, attributable to the fact that the product to be sold is a successful product idea in its present form and features and is well accepted by the market and there is not much need to take up conscious advertising and media campaign. Due to this fact, while it is conceded that normal marketing strategy can be reduced to selling function in case of Eggsactly Ltd; even the vanilla sales function needs to be planned carefully and tied up with the production department. This can come through an integrated budgeting system where in the sales budget is linked and integrated with the production budget. The Sales manager would be accountable for key budgeted figures in the sales budget. The Sales Manager can, in turn, pass down, the accountability down the line to his sales executives, who may be assigned this accountability according to distribution of sales targets to them. A s part of individual initiatives the Sales Manager must look into the aspect of high turnover in his department. Some staff retention incentives can be introduced which are linked with sales targets and accountability which would help reduce the high turnover of the staff in Sales department. After this entire budgeting process must be reckoned in all its possibilities for Eggsactly Ltd and end in he choice of the best alternative which suits contextual realities of the concern. Budgeting Process Budgets are drawn to assist in clarifying and attaining business objectives. These objectives can be varied but can be commonly listed as minimizing costs/controlling expenditures, increasing revenues, gaining a higher market share, improving spread/margins (through increased sales), etc. Therefore, a statement of identified objectives becomes important at the commencement of

Analyzing the opinion piece (Chicago's Tolerance for Murder Annotated Assignment

Analyzing the opinion piece (Chicago's Tolerance for Murder Annotated by the Tribune's John McCormick) - Assignment Example The main goal of the writer is the urge to shake the law enforcing authorities, who have failed to provide security for Chicagoans. He wants the authorities to come up with effective solutions and he wants people of Chicago city to keep their nerves under control, as the aggressive attitude and the rage shown by the normal public, can only add to the already embarrassing scenario. The author very professionally has cultivated his thoughts and fears regarding the current scenario in Chicago city. He has focused on enlightening the reader about the growing homicidal crime rate in Chicago and the negative effects it has imposed on the general public. This article revolves around the critical issue of homicidal killings, the fearless roaming of criminals and gangsters; and the class issues prevailing in Chicago. He may get criticized for pointing fingers on law enforcing agencies and the government, who have proved to be incapable to control crimes rate, as no one wants to bring embarrassment home. Critical analysis can easily be made for any such article which involves the incapability of the authorities. But after reading this article, one would feel that not just the agencies but the public also is responsible for the current embarrassing scenario. Crimes and murders happen everywhere, but what is important is to keep one’s nerves under control and not let them become a part of it. It will convince an individual on how to abide by our own civil duties, in order to enjoy rightful liberties. Also, it throws light on the class and color issues still prevailing in Chicago city and inclines an individual to assess his/her individual attitude and behavior, for improving the overall social environment of Chicago and United

Information Systems in Business Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Information Systems in Business - Coursework Example Other data such a s population and demographic data that is important for forecasting can be sourced from government institutions and agencies (Paul, 2001). (ii) Data warehousing for Wal- mart will enhance decision making in the company with regards to inventory management, price control and sales monitoring. The data warehouse will provide data on a real time basis that will effectively aide in quick decision making on supply chain management and customer relationship management (Paul, 2001). Data mining which involves extraction and acquisition of data from the relevant sources to be stored in the data warehouse enables the company; to have up to date and real time data from all its retail stores. This allows real time analysis of the data and facilitates decision making that is appropriate for each store based on the data available (Paul, 2001). (iii) ECM applications are basically provides formalized techniques by which an organization can store and its documents, contents records and other content that is related to business processes and transactions. It entails strategies, tools and methods that used throughout (John, 2013). Hierarchical model where data is structured in a hierarchical manner following a sort of sequence exhibiting a tree structure. There is a root that has branches emanating from it. Network data base model that exhibits a many to many relationship. Items in this model can connect to any item in the database creating a network. Most databases that are used on the Mini and Micro computers are normally based on either hierarchical or network database model. Relational database model has data organized in two dimensional tables with rows and columns populated with related data. Most of the Database software packages available on microcomputers (PCs) are of relational model (Graham & David, 2008). Other database structure models used include the multimedia database that

Properties of Carbon Dioxide Vapour

Properties of Carbon Dioxide Vapour Greenhouse gases in global warming The greenhouse effect is necessary for Earth to regulate its temperature. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2) methane (CH4), nitrous dioxide (N2O) and ozone (O3) are some of the gases that contribute to it. These gases are molecules that are made up of more than 2 component atoms. They vibrate upon absorbing thermal infrared radiation and then re-radiate excess energy in all directions. As the Earths surface is now heated by both the emitted radiation and sunlight, temperature increases and thus causing the greenhouse effect. Common Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Gas Atmospheric Absorption Region on Electromagnetic ( µm) Water vapour (H2O) 95 7600 ppmv 0.8 -10 Carbon dioxide (CO2) 3.618 401 ppmv 2.6, 4, >13 Methane (CH4) 0.360 1780 ppbv 3.5 8 Nitrous oxide (N2O) 0.95 320 ppbv 5, 8 Ozone (O3) 0.072 28 ppbv 0.1-0.3, 9 As shown in the table above, water vapour (H2O) contributes the most to the greenhouse effectWhen temperature increases, air humidity increases as well which is positive water vapour feedback. This allows a higher concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere thus further enhancing the warming effect of other greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide (CO2) contributes quite a fair amount to the greenhouse effect. Thanks to human activities like deforestation, land use changes and burning of fossil fuel, the atmospheric CO2 concentration has increased by about 120ppm since the Industrial Revolution began, which is more than a third. With an absorption region of 3.5-8 microns on the electromagnetic spectrum, methane (CH4) is way more active than carbon dioxide as a greenhouse gas. Its greenhouse effect contribution is small due to its low atmospheric concentration. Being in a similar absorption spectrum as H2Oalso masks methanes contribution as work might have been done by H2O already. Nitrous oxide(N2O) is typically formed through production of nitric acid, combustion of fossil fuel, agriculture sector and burning of . Even though N2O has a low atmospheric concentration, it still contributes a decent amount to the greenhouse effect. This is because it is up to about 300 times stronger as a greenhouse gas than CO2. As ozone (O3) has various concentration at different parts of the atmosphere and has a short lifespan, it is hard to gauge the contribution of the troposphere ozone layer. Ozone generally does not affect much of the greenhouse effect anyway. Lewis Structures of CO and CO2 Carbon Monoxide a) Rotational Constant, B Taking largest B = 2.04 and smallest B = 1.51 , b) Bond Length, b Reduced mass of carbon monoxide: Since literature value for bond length, b = 113pm lies within the range of , and the uncertainty of calculated bond length value is insignificant compared to the calculated value itself, the calculated value can be said to be quite accurate. c) Vibrational Wavenumber, Distance of first through in P branch from 2050 cm-1= (5.45  ± 0.05) cm Distance of first through in R branch from 2050 cm-1= (5.72  ± 0.05) cm Taking smallest = 2135 and largest = 2143, d) Force Constant, k e) Molar Zero-Point Vibrational Energy, Carbon Dioxide Rotational Constant, Taking smallest = 0.302 cm-1 and largest = 0.46 cm-1, Since literature value for = 0.390 lies within the range of , and the uncertainty of calculated bond length value is insignificant compared to the calculated value itself, the calculated value can be said to be quite accurate. Vibrational Modes CO2 is a linear molecule with 3 atoms. Therefore, it has 3 translational modes, 2 rotational modes, and 3N-5 = 4 vibration modes: 1 symmetric stretch, 1 asymmetric stretch and 2 bending modes. The mode at 667 cm-1 is said to be twofold degenerate because the 2 bending motions are essentially the same, just deforming in different coordinate directions. Exclusion Rule: no modes can be both infrared and Raman active for a molecule with a centre of symmetry. CO2 has a centre of symmetry therefore relevant to the rule. For infrared spectroscopy, the 2 bending and the asymmetric stretching modes can be observed. This is because these modes induce a dipole change in their motions. For Raman spectroscopy, symmetric bending can be seen. This is because when the O atoms move away from the centre C atom in an equal distance, the electron density cloud changes with the change in size of molecule, thus causing a change in polarizability. Bond Length, b Force Constant, k Since literature value for lies within the range of (119.6 ±12.5)pm, and the uncertainty of calculated bond length value is insignificant compared to the calculated value itself, the calculated value can be said to be quite accurate. For symmetric stretch, k CO2 2. Heat Capacity Molar constant-volume heat capacity For CO2: Translational modes, : , Vibrational modes, : , Rotational mode, : Total internal energy, At very high temperatures, the theoretical maximum internal energy = as all modes are activated at that point. Max. constant-volume heat capacity, However, at low temperatures not all rotational and vibrational modes are active. Contributions of different modes at low temperatures: Rotational Modes Rotational temperature, Vibrational Modes Vibrational temperature, Symmetric stretch () : Bending modes () : Asymmetric stretch () : Graph of against T Convert molar constant-volume heat capacity to molar constant-pressure heat capacity with Ideal Gas Law: , (R = ideal gas constant) The graph for experimental and calculated data is the same until around T=1600K where the 2 lines diverge with the experimental data to be higher than calculated data. This shows that the Ideal Gas Law only applies to relatively low temperatures.      Ã‚   Kinetic Theory of Gases and Liquids Mean free path of CO2 Mean free path: average distance travelled by molecules between collisions Rate of collision , : Collision cross-section (area covered by a molecule and within which the presence if the centre of another molecule counts as a collision) Collisions happen at 90o angles on average, mean speed = à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   [8]. Viscosity of CO2 vapour Newtons Law of Viscosity: Newtons 2nd Law: Force = rate of change of momentum From plane at 0 from plane : mean flow velocity = à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   mean momentum of Roughly1/6th of the molecules move in the +z direction. Number of molecules entering 0 from per unit time = à ¯Ã†â€™Ã‚   rate of momentum = Rate of momentum entering 0 from = . By calculating the difference between the two rates, net rate of the momentum transported across the plane at 0, and by using , the viscosity, can be estimated. [8] (mean velocity), (path length) Viscosity is predicted to be proportional to the square root of temperature and independent of density. Liquefaction in a condenser [9] Modify the Ideal Gas Law to obtain Van der Waals Equation of State. References:[1] https://climate.nasa.gov/causes/ (accessed 14th March 2017] [2] Greenhouse Gas Absorption Spectrum (n.d.) available from:http://www.meteor.iastate.edu/gccourse/forcing/spectrum.html (accessed 14th March 2017) [3] Barrett Bellamy Climate Greenhouse Gas Concentrations (n.d.) available from: http://www.barrettbellamyclimate.com/page22.htm (accessed 15th March 2017) [4] Monte Hieb (2015) Water Vapor Rules the Greenhouse System. Available from: http://www.geocraft.com/WVFossils/greenhouse_data.html [5] Project Learn at http://www.ucar.edu/learn at the University Corporation for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) https://www.ucar.edu/learn/1_3_1.htm (accessed 15/3/2017) [6] Barrett Bellamy Climate Greenhouse Gas Spectra (n.d.) available from: http://www.barrettbellamyclimate.com/page15.htm (accessed 15/3/2017) [7] NIST Standard Reference Database 101 (September 2015) Listing of experimental data for CO2 (Carbon dioxide) Available from: http://cccbdb.nist.gov/exp2.asp?casno=124389 [Accessed 10 Mar 2016] [8] Dr Joao Cabral (n.d.) Properties of Matter Lecture Notes. Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London [9] Steve [2010] The Freezing Point and The Dew Point Part 2 available from: https://stevengoddard.wordpress.com/2010/09/05/the-freezing-point-and-the-dew%C2%A0point-part-2/